International Journal of Education, Science and Social Sciences (IJESSS)
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Deferred Until Distribution: Assessing the Viability of the Distributed Profit Tax Model for Corporate Taxation in Sub-Saharan Africa
Sub-Saharan African corporate income tax systems collect revenue well below their statutory potential, constrained by a narrow formal-sector base, extensive informality, and limited transfer-pricing enforcement capacity. A small number of jurisdictions, Estonia, Georgia, Latvia, and Moldova among them, have addressed a related but distinct problem by taxing corporate profit only at the point of distribution rather than annually, a design known as the distributed profit tax (DPT). The paper examines whether DPT could function as a viable replacement for conventional corporate income tax across Sub-Saharan Africa. It sets out the theoretical case for DPT as a tax on economic rent, surveys its adoption and design variation across the four jurisdictions above, and maps the structural features of Sub-Saharan African CIT regimes that any replacement would have to accommodate. A comparative analysis then weighs DPT's investment-incentive and administrative benefits against its revenue-timing risk and its dependence on anti-avoidance capacity that most Sub-Saharan African administrations have not yet built. The paper concludes that wholesale replacement is not currently defensible, but that a staged, segment-limited adoption, beginning with small and medium enterprises and expanding only as administrative capacity develops, offers a more realistic path, and one that could replace part of the region's existing, discretionary tax-holiday apparatus with a more transparent, rule-based alternative.
Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Education, Science and Social Sciences (IJESSS)
Reactive Maintenance Practices and Employee Job Performance: The Moderating Role of Management Support in Five Star-Rated Hotels in Nairobi City County, Kenya
Reactive maintenance remains prevalent in luxury hospitality, yet its human resource consequences are poorly understood. Drawing on Organizational Support Theory and the Conservation of Resources framework, this study examines how reactive maintenance practices influence employee job performance and whether management support moderates this relationship among maintenance staff in five-star hotels. A concurrent triangulation mixed-methods design was employed across all nine five-star-rated hotels in Nairobi City County, Kenya. Quantitative data were gathered from 323 maintenance employees via structured questionnaires, supplemented by semi-structured interviews with nine maintenance managers. Pearson correlation and hierarchical multiple regression were used to analyze the data. Correlation analysis revealed that reactive maintenance was significantly and negatively associated with employee job performance (r = −.566, p < .01), while management support was significantly and positively associated with performance (r = .483, p < .01). Hierarchical regression confirmed that reactive maintenance exerted a significant negative direct effect (β = −0.478, p < .001, R² = .320). The interaction between reactive maintenance and management support was negative and significant (β = −0.579, p < .001, ΔR² = .047), indicating that management support amplified rather than attenuated the adverse effect. Conditional effects showed that at low levels of management support, reactive maintenance had no significant impact on performance (β = −0.094, p = .380), whereas at high levels of support, the negative effect intensified (β = −0.737, p < .001). Hotels should prioritize transitioning from reactive to preventive maintenance infrastructure rather than relying on managerial support alone to mitigate operational disruptions. Where immediate transitions are infeasible, leaders should recalibrate supportive communications to narrow the expectation-reality gap that drives performance erosion.
E-Learning Readiness in Public Secondary Schools, Tharaka-Nithi County: The Effect of ICT Infrastructure Costs and Availability of Skilled ICT Personnel
The adoption of e-learning in public secondary schools is a critical aspect of modernizing education and enhancing learning outcomes. Despite significant government investments aimed at integrating ICT in education, many schools still face challenges in adopting e-learning. This study investigates the role of ICT infrastructure costs and the availability of skilled ICT personnel in determining the e-learning readiness of public secondary schools Meru South Sub-County, Tharaka-Nithi County, Kenya. This study is guided by the Diffusion of Innovation Theory, developed by Everett Rogers in 1962. The study employed a descriptive research design and gathers data from 22 schools in the county, with a total of 154 respondents. Purposive sampling technique was used to select the schools while simple random sampling was used to select the respondents. The data was collected using structured questionnaire which was first piloted to determine its validity and reliability. Descriptive and inferential statistics was used to analysed the data. The study found a significant relationship between the cost of ICT infrastructure and the readiness of public secondary schools in Tharaka-Nithi County to adopt e-learning (χ² = 16.692, df = 4, p < 0.05, Exp (B) = 70.266) indicating that high ICT infrastructure costs are a major barrier to e-learning adoption. Further, results indicated a significant relationship between the availability of trained ICT personnel and the readiness of schools in Meru County to adopt e-learning (χ² = 18.514, df = 4, p < 0.05). The study concluded that both the high cost of ICT infrastructure and the availability of trained ICT personnel are significant factors affecting the readiness of schools in Tharaka-Nithi and Meru Counties to adopt e-learning. The paper offers recommendations for addressing these challenges in schools
Influence of Digital Skills on Adoption of Digital Learning of English Language During COVID-19 Pandemic in Kapseret Sub-County, Kenya
The COVID-19 pandemic brought unparalleled disruptions to education systems worldwide, compelling a rapid shift from traditional classroom-basedlearning to digital learning platforms. In Kenya, the adoption of digital learning, particularly for English language instruction, faced unique challengesand opportunities influenced by the digital skills of both students and teachers. This study therefore assessed the influence of digital skills on the adoption of digital learning of the English language during COVID-19 pandemic in Kapseret Subcounty, Kenya. Social Cognitive Theory and Diffusion Innovation theory guided the study. The study utilized a descriptive research design, targeting a total of 2,173 respondents from the 32 high schools in Kapseret Subcounty. Using Nassiuma's (2000) formula, 11 schools were selected for the study. A stratified random sampling procedure was employed to choose 7 public secondary schools and 4 private secondary schools. Krejcie and Morgan's (1970) formula was used to determine a sample size of 327 Form three students, English teachers and headteachers from 7 public secondary schools and 4 private secondary schools. Students and teachers were selected using simple random sampling.Data was collected using questionnaires while semi-structured interview schedule was used to collect information from the head teachers. Collected data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study found that 70.1% of students rated their digital skills as fair to very good, while 29.9% rated them as poor or very poor. Most students (86.9%) acquired these skills through interactions with friends and personal effort, 7.8% through trial and error, and 5.3% from computer lessons at school, primarily among those studying computer science. Among English teachers, 71.5% reported lacking competence in using digital tools for teaching, with 85.7% having received no formal training. Additionally, 76.5% of students indicated they had not undergone any training for remote learning. The study revealed a significant relationship between digital skills and the adoption of digital learning for English during the COVID-19 pandemic in Kapseret Sub-county, Kenya (χ²=0.042, N=196, p<0.05). The findings highlighted a significant relationship between digital skills and the adoption of digital learning for English during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study recommends that both students and teachers should receive formal training to enhance their digital skills, focusing on the effective use of educational technologies for teaching and learning. Further, Ministry of Education should ensure that schools should ensure equitable access to digital devices and reliable internet connectivity to support all students and teachers in adopting digital learning methods.
Assessment of Heavy Metal Concentrations in Tomatoes (Lycopersicum esculentum) Cultivated in Horticultural Farms of Nakuru County, Kenya
The objective of this study was to assess the heavy metal concentrations in tomatoes (Lycopersicum esculentum) cultivated in horticultural farms of Nakuru County, Kenya. Tomatoes samples were randomly collected from selected areas in Njoro, Naivasha, Nakuru East, Nakuru West, Subukia, Rongai and Gilgil sub-counties. The samples were collected in clean polythene ziplock bags and stored frozen at –10 o C. In the laboratory, the samples were sliced and dried to constant weight in an oven at 700C. They were then ground separately using an electric miller to pass through a 150-μm sieve and preserved in khaki bags for further analysis using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The overall mean ranges of concentrations of heavy metals were: 0.23±0.00–0.38±0.06 mg/kg for Cu; 0.18±0.00–0.31±0.02 mg/kg for Zn; 0.69±0.20–0.91±0.01 mg/kg for Cr; 0.08±0.00–0.13±0.01 mg/kg for Mn and 0.71±0.05–0.87±0.04 mg/kg for Fe. The results indicated that the levels of heavy metals in tomatoes were within the WHO accepted levels. Also, there was a significant difference (p≤0.05) in the levels of Zn and Mn in tomatoes across 7 regions. These findings suggest that while overall heavy metal levels in tomatoes are deemed safe for consumption, localized factors may influence metal accumulation, highlighting the importance of continued monitoring and localized interventions to ensure food safety. The study recommends that there need to implement routine monitoring programs to assess heavy metal concentrations in tomatoes and other agricultural produce from Nakuru County. Continuous surveillance will help identify any emerging trends or localized contamination issues.
The Levels of Selected Heavy Metals in Kales from Horticultural Farms in Nakuru County, Kenya
Kales (Brassica oleracea) are a staple leafy vegetable in Kenya, consumed widely for their nutritional benefits. Nakuru County is a significant horticultural hub, with numerous small to large-scale farms cultivating kales. However, the increasing use of agrochemicals, coupled with industrial activities, raises concerns about the potential contamination of soil and crops by heavy metals. Therefore, this study determined the levels of selected heavy metals in samples of kales obtained from horticultural farms in Nakuru County, Kenya. A total of 120 kales (Sukuma wiki) leaves were randomly collected from Njoro, Molo, Naivasha, Nakuru East, Nakuru West, Subukia, Rongai and Gilgil sub-counties within the study area and transported to University of Eldoret Chemistry lab for sample preparation. There, the leaves samples were air dried, grinded and digested. Analysis was conducted using Shimadzu AAS model SpectrAA-200. Data generated was analysed descriptively and inferentially using SPSS. The study found that the concentrations of selected heavy metals (Cr, Fe, Cu, Mn, and Zn) in kales from various horticultural farms in Nakuru County were below the WHO/FAO permissible limits. These findings suggest that kales grown in this region are safe for consumption regarding these specific heavy metals. Further, there was a significant difference in Cu, Zn, Cr and Fe across 8 regions (P<0.05). The overall mean levels of heavy metals in the kales followed the order: Cr ˃ Fe ˃ Zn ˃ Mn ˃ Cu, with chromium being the most prevalent. Despite the current safety, continuous monitoring is important to ensure that heavy metal levels remain within safe limits, considering the ongoing use of agrochemicals and potential industrial pollution. Also, it is recommended that local authorities and agricultural stakeholders implement regular monitoring programs to track heavy metal concentrations in kales and other vegetables.
Determinants of AI models Adoption Among State Corporations in Kenya
The adoption of Artificial Intelligence (AI) models by state corporations in Kenya is increasingly being recognized as a key driver of economic growth and organizational efficiency. As Kenya's digital transformation gains traction, State-owned enterprises are increasingly assessing the impact that AI could have on boosting productivity and easing operations to address sector-specific and national challenges. However, despite the huge potential benefit, the integration of AI technologies remains slow and faced by several challenges. This paper aims to review the determinants influencing AI model adoption among state corporations in Kenya. A systematic approach was utilized in identifying the relevant studies. Source selection was based on peer-reviewed articles, government reports, and publications from credible institutions. The data from the selected studies were thematically analyzed to identify themes repeating themselves throughout the analyses. It reported that in the last few years, Kenya has significantly utilised AI technologies in addressing most of the core areas, from agricultural sectors, health, finance to energy. The findings also proved on the contrary that there were several issues, such as organizational readiness in terms of infrastructure, technology and a shortage of technical expertise which hinder the integration of AI. Other challenges include high initial costs, data privacy concerns, lack of awareness among leaders, lack of leadership commitment, difficulties in selecting suitable AI tools, data quality issues, employee resistance due to job displacement fears and regulatory uncertainties. Based on findings, several recommendations are proposed aimed at accelerating AI adoption among state corporations in Kenya.
Nexus Between Climate Change Induced Livelihood Stress and Women's Mental Health in Pastoralist Communities of Kenya
Pastoralist communities in Kenya are facing increasing challenges due to climate change, which exacerbates livelihood stress and has significant implications for mental health, particularly among women. These communities rely heavily on livestock for their sustenance and economic stability. However, erratic weather patterns, prolonged droughts, and other climate-related disruptions have severely impacted their livelihoods. Women in these communities bear a disproportionate burden due to their roles in managing households and securing resources, making them particularly vulnerable to the mental health impacts of livelihood stress. Therefore, this study nexus between climate change-induced livelihood stress and women's mental health in pastoralist communities of Kenya. The review entailed a systematic search of relevant scholarly articles published between 2013 and 2023. Various search engines and databases were used, including Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Google, Academia, Research Gate, African Journal Online, Science Direct, and PubMed. The findings indicated that Kenya has been severely affected by climate change, experiencing increased frequency and severity of droughts, particularly in the northern regions. These changes have resulted in erratic and unpredictable rainfall, severely impacting the arid and semi-arid lands that constitute 88% of Kenya's land mass. The resulting water scarcity and reduced forage availability have led to significant losses in livestock, which are key for the survival and economic stability of pastoralist communities. High rates of mental health disorders such as PTSD, sleep disorders and suicidal thoughts among women in these communities. Further, the increased caregiving responsibilities for undernourished family members and livestock place an extra physical and emotional strain on women, often leading to fatigue and burnout. Extreme weather patterns have also heightened the risks of violence against women and girls, including sexual and gender-based violence and child marriages, as families resort to these measures in the face of severe economic distress. The ongoing humanitarian crisis, with persistent drought and unpredictable rainfall, continues to exacerbate these vulnerabilities, further impacting the mental health and well-being of women in these communities. This study recommends that there is need for government and non-governmental organization to enhance livelihood diversification, mental health support and conflict resolution initiatives among women.
Influence of Mode of Tax Payment and Legal Framework on Tax Compliance Level of SMEs in Kisumu County, Kenya
Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) play a key role in driving economic growth, job creation and poverty reduction in Kenya. In Kisumu County, SMEs form a significant part of the local business, contributing to employment opportunities and revenue generation. However, the effective taxation of SMEs remains main challenge for local governments, impacting fiscal sustainability and hindering developmental initiatives. Tax compliance among SMEs, particularly in Kisumu County, is influenced by various factors. The choice of tax payment mode, whether through traditional methods like cash or modern alternatives can significantly impact SMEs' compliance behavior.This study evaluated the influence of mode of tax payment on tax compliance among SMEs in Kisumu County, Kenya. The study was guided by the theory of planned behavior. The research employed a descriptive research design to investigate the influence of the mode of tax payment on tax compliance levels among SMEs. The target population consisted of 105 SMEs that had been operational for at least six months. Utilizing Yamane's (1967) formula, a sample size of 84 was determined. Data was primarily collected through a structured questionnaire. Data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results indicated a positive but moderate relationship between the legal framework and compliance cost and tax compliance (r=0.367, p=<0.001). This strong positive correlation suggests that a well-structured legal framework significantly enhances tax compliance. Further, the correlation between the mode of tax payment and tax compliance, was statistically significant (r=-697, p=< 0.001). This strong negative correlation suggests that certain modes of tax payment are inversely related to tax compliance. Specifically, it might imply that more complex or less convenient payment modes reduce compliance. The study recommends that there is need for KRA to conduct an extensive review of existing tax laws with the aim of simplifying language and removing ambiguities. This could involve the consolidation of similar regulations and the elimination of redundant or outdated provisions. Also, develop and implement comprehensive training programs for SMEs focused on the use of online tax filing systems as well as provide technical support.
Influence of Human Capital Development on Service Delivery Among Private Hospitals in Kisumu County
The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of human capital development on service delivery among private Hospitals in Kisumu County.The study was guided by Resource-Based View and descriptive research design was utilized to collect the data. The target population was 96 participants including hospitals administrators, CEOs, General Managers and one patient from each of the 32 level 4 and 5 private hospitals registered and licenced by KMDPU in Kisumu County. The sample size was 64 hospital administrators were chosen using census sampling. Simple sampling method was used to select the patients. Close ended questionnaires were used to collect the data. Pilot study was conducted in Siaya County targeting 10% of the sample size. Validity was determine using face validity and Cronbach alpha(α) was used to determine instrument’s reliability. Analysis of collected data was subjected into descriptive analysis (means, percentages and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (multiple linear regression and correlation). Results indicated a positive but moderate relationship between human capital development and service delivery among private hospitals in Kisumu County (r=0.527, p=0.000). Further, showed that human capital development had a significant positive effect on service delivery (β = 0.589, p < 0.05). The study recommends that private hospitals in Kisumu County should prioritize continuous human capital development through investing in regular training, professional development programs, and health and wellness initiatives for their staff. This strategic focus will likely lead to improved service delivery, higher patient satisfaction, and better overall healthcare outcomes.
Gap Analysis in Blended Learning Studies. A Literature Review
The blended learning approach is new and indispensable in the wake of disruptive technologies and pandemics. The liability of newness has made the blended learning approach suffer resistance due to gaps in knowledge. The purpose of this study is to map research gaps in blended learning as a curriculum delivery approach in public universities. A desktop review approach was used to analyze peer-reviewed articles and reports. The researcher used the Google Scholar database to identify legible literature. Using the Google search engine, 46 documents that met the inclusion criteria were reviewed. The results of the study identified disagreement among scholars on the definition of blended learning, demographic factors, user perceptions, academic performance and theoretical underpinnings. The synthesis also found a scarcity of studies on the use of blended learning for research supervision, policy supporting blended learning, and regional role models in implementing blended learning. In conclusion, the study found blended learning an appropriate approach for the 21st-century classroom and its successful implementation depended on the commitment of the government, universities, and stakeholders to bridge the gaps. Based on the findings, the study recommended further studies on the conceptualization of blended learning, demographic factors, academic outcomes, and theoretical framework. The study also recommends that the Commission for University Education develop a policy to guide the implementation of blended learning in public universities.
Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal of Education, Science and Social Sciences (IJESSS)
Impacts of Political Instability on Income and Employment in the Tourism Sector in Mombasa, Diani, and Malindi, Kenya
Political instability remains a major disruptor of tourism-dependent economies, particularly in destinations where livelihoods and employment rely heavily on visitor flows. In Kenya’s coastal region, Mombasa, Diani, and Malindi represent key tourism hubs that generate income and employment for hotels, tourism suppliers, and local communities. Despite their economic importance, these areas remain vulnerable to political shocks such as the 2007–2008 post-election violence and subsequent election-related tensions. This study examined the impacts of political instability on income and employment in the tourism sector in Mombasa, Diani, and Malindi, Kenya. The study was grounded on Political Risk Theory and Sustainable Livelihoods Framework. It adopted a case study research design and used a mixed-methods approach involving questionnaires, interviews, and focus group discussions. A sample of 284 respondents comprising hotel managers, tourism suppliers, and local community members was selected using purposive and simple random sampling techniques. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi-square tests, while qualitative data were analyzed thematically. Findings indicate that political instability significantly reduces tourism income through declining tourist arrivals, cancellations, and reduced occupancy rates in hotels. The 2007 post-election violence led to substantial revenue losses, business closures, and debt accumulation among tourism suppliers. Employment levels were also negatively affected through layoffs, salary reductions, and increased job insecurity across the tourism value chain. At the community level, instability resulted in widespread unemployment, loss of livelihoods, and increased socio-economic vulnerability. Statistical results confirmed a significant relationship between political instability and reduced tourism business performance (χ² = 10.977, p = 0.004). The study concludes that political instability exerts both direct and indirect adverse effects on tourism income and employment in coastal Kenya. Strengthening political stability and enhancing tourism resilience strategies are essential for safeguarding livelihoods and sustaining tourism-driven development in Mombasa, Diani, and Malindi.
Students Perceptions of HIV/AIDS Communication Programmes in Tertiary Institutions: Evidence from a Tertiary Institution in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya
HIV/AIDS and Sexuality related information communication among the youth remains a big challenge in many developing nations even with the advancement in information and communication Technology. With the rising cases of new infections among the youth especially in this era of sexual liberalization as epitomized by the “sponsor and sponsoree syndrome”, tolerance for homosexuals and bisexuals culture, the need for emancipation among the youth in our institutions of higher learning with regard to HIV/AIDS Education is very critical. Development communication plays a key role in sexual behavior and attitude change. This paper examines the students’ perceptions on HIV/AIDS communication programmes / activities in tertiary institutions with regard to information, education and communication (IEC) on HIV/AIDS. Guided by a social constructivist-interpretive philosophical worldview, the study adopted a qualitative case study design. The target population comprised undergraduate students, student peer counselors, campus health personnel, institutional management staff, public relations personnel, student counselors, and academic staff. A sample of 52 participants was selected using purposive, quota, and convenience sampling techniques. Data were generated through in-depth interviews, focus group discussions (FGDs), and document analysis, and subsequently analyzed using thematic analysis. The empirical findings revealed that while students perceived existing HIV/AIDS communication programs to be inherently relevant and informative, the vast majority did not actively benefit from or participate in the campaigns. This disconnect was primarily attributed to poor communication channel selection, structural planning deficiencies, and weak institutional implementation strategies. Furthermore, the study identified critical information gaps regarding the socio-cultural and economic determinants of HIV transmission, prevention, and treatment. A similar deficiency was observed in messaging surrounding institutional care and support services, indicating that current communication frameworks fail to cover the full continuum of HIV/AIDS care. The institutional planners underutilized social media platforms, despite students highly preferring these digital spaces because they are non-intrusive and offer confidential, convenient avenues for open discussions on HIV/AIDS and sexuality. The study recommends the design and implementation of responsive HIV/AIDS communication campaigns managed by specialized development communication experts. Institutional planners must extensively leverage interactive social media spaces to facilitate participatory dialogue among students and stakeholders. Finally, campus health campaigns must proactively evolve to address contemporary issues, including modern sexual liberalization, economic vulnerabilities, and diverse sexual orientations, to ensure comprehensive and inclusive prevention outcomes.
Organizational Intelligence and Innovation Performance of State Corporation in Kenya
This study sought to examine the impact of organizational intelligence on innovation performance. Dynamic capability theory guided the study. Generally, public institutions enhance innovation performance by leveraging organization intelligence as a distinct capability, positioning them to achieve better performance amidst crises. Explanatory research design was employed to collect data from a target population of 2,506 senior managers from selected state cooperation in Nairobi County, Kenya. A sample of 350 was determined using Yamane’s (1967) formula, yielding 317 valid responses. Data was gathered through a structured questionnaire that underwent a pilot test. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were employed for data analysis. The results indicated a strong positive and significant relationship between organizational intelligence and innovation performance [r = 0.666, ρ < 0.01 (ρ = 0.000)]. Furthermore, organizational intelligence had a significant positive impact on innovation success (β = 0.593, ρ < 0.05 (p = 0.000)). The study concludes that innovation performance is influenced by organizational intelligence. Thus, organizational intelligence equips institutions with strategic insights necessary to innovate under resource-constrained environments.
Perception and Readiness of Undergraduate Education Students for Online Learning During the COVID-19 Pandemic at Umma University, Kenya
The COVID-19 pandemic led to a rapid shift in educational delivery worldwide, with online learning becoming the primary mode of instruction. This study investigates the perception and readiness of undergraduate education students toward online learning during this period at Umma University, Kenya. The study was guided by the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and employed a descriptive research design. The target population consisted of third- and fourth-year Bachelor of Education (B.Ed.) students at Umma University, with a sample size of 105 students selected through stratified random sampling. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire, which was pilot-tested to refine items and improve reliability and validity. To ensure the robustness of the data, content and construct validity assessments were conducted, along with reliability testing using Cronbach's alpha. The analysis involved both descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings indicate that students at Umma University generally held positive perceptions towards the online learning platform used during the COVID-19 pandemic. They found online learning beneficial for their studies, particularly in terms of enhancing digital skills and flexibility. Students expressed confidence in their ICT knowledge, which eased their use of the platform, but also faced technical challenges such as connectivity issues, signal loss, and sound clarity during live sessions. Results further indicated strong positive correlation (r = 0.824, ρ < 0.05) between students' perceptions and their readiness for using the online learning platform. This relationship implies that students who perceive the platform as effective, accessible, and user-friendly are more likely to feel prepared and confident in using it. To address the technical challenges reported by students, Umma University should consider investing in reliable internet infrastructure and bandwidth management solutions.
The Effect of Socio-Economic Factors on Student Engagement in Christian Religious Education in Public Secondary Schools in Hamisi Sub County, Vihiga County, Kenya
This study investigates the socio-economic factors influencing the teaching and learning of Christian Religious Education (CRE) in secondary schools within Hamisi Sub County, Vihiga County, Kenya. The context for this research arises from alarming trends in moral decay among students, such as increasing instances of indiscipline, along with a declining enrollment in CRE classes. The theoretical framework guiding this study is Ludwig Von Bertalanffy's General System Theory, which conceptualizes schools as open systems interacting with socio-economic environments affecting educational performance. Descriptive research design was employed during data collection. The target population consisted 33 CRE teachers from 33 secondary schools and 334 Form 3 and 4 students. Purposive sampling was used to select 9 CRE teachers, while 100 students were randomly sampled. Structured questionnaires were distributed to students to gather quantitative data, while interview schedules were conducted with teachers to collect qualitative information. Collected data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results indicated that socio-economic factors have a significant relationship with student engagement in Christian Religious Education (CRE) (χ²=0.003, p<0.05). This suggests that various socio-economic variables, such as parents' education levels, occupations, and the economic conditions affecting students' lives, significantly influence their involvement in CRE lessons. The study recommends that schools and policymakers develop strategies to mitigate the negative effects of socio-economic challenges on student engagement. This could include providing additional support for students from lower-income families, such as after-school tutoring, resource provision, and community engagement initiatives to raise awareness about the importance of parental involvement in education.
Community Benefits Derived from the Ecosystem Services of Marura Wetland
Wetlands are one of the most important ecosystems, providing a number of fundamental services to the environment and local communities. Notwithstanding this great value, wetlands everywhere in the world face some challenges due to human activities that involve agricultural expansion, urbanization, pollution, and climatic change. Therefore, this study assessed the various ecosystem services provided by the Marura Wetland to the local community. The study was guided by Tragedy of the Commons theory and employed a cross sectional survey approach. The study area stretched between Koilel and Kaprobu Bridge along Eldoret- Ziwa Road. Stratified random sampling was used to select 200 households from the region. Data was coded into SPSS version 23 and analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Water (97%), papyrus reeds (70.5%), and bricks (68.2%) were the main products from the wetland. 80% of respondents felt the wetland was nearing its capacity to support the local population, 76% agreed humans have the right to use the environment to meet their needs, and 74% believed local communities were significantly abusing the wetland, often leading to disastrous consequences. However, it also notes increases in human pressures within the wetland due to overgrazing, soil mining, and other exploitative activities that are threatened or have already reduced the sustainability of the wetland. The findings recommend increasing community awareness on the sustainable use of Marura Wetland through active conservation groups and educational programs, and implementing stricter regulations and monitoring to prevent further environmental degradation.
Influence of Socio-Cultural Factors on Female Trainees' Enrollment in Electrical and Electronics Engineering Technician Courses in Bomet County, Kenya
In Kenya, technical fields are key for achieving the Vision 2030 which aims to transform Kenya into a middle-income country by promoting industrialization, technological innovation, and a skilled labor force. However, gender disparity in access to education and workplace participation remains a challenge in general and particularly in the subject areas of STEM. Socio-cultural barriers and stereotypes continue to hamper enrollment and retention in technical courses worldwide. In Bomet County, local perceptions further limit women’s aspirations in engineering. This study therefore assessed the influence of socio-cultural factors on female trainees' enrollment in electrical and electronics engineering technician courses in Bomet County, Kenya. The study employed descriptive research design, targeting 159 female trainees in electrical and electronics courses and the 5 principals of public technical training institutions in Bomet County. Data were gathered through primary sources (questionnaire and interviews). Respondents were sampled using simple random sampling. Pilot study was conducted to determine validity and reliability of Research instruments. Quantitative data was coded into SPSS version 26 and analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics while qualitative data was analysed thematically. The findings indicated that parental education levels, chauvinistic attitudes, early marriages, teenage pregnancies and societal norms significantly impact female enrollment in TVET institutions. Further, results indicated that a negative between socio-cultural factors and enrollment of female trainees’ (r=-.527, p=< 0.000). This implies that as negative socio-cultural factors become more prevalent, the enrollment of female trainees in technical courses decreases. To address low female enrollment in TVET courses, community sensitization, parental education, policies against early marriages, financial aid, promotion of female role model, and gender-sensitive learning environments are key strategies to challenge cultural stereotypes and support women in technical fields.
The Role of Industry Partnerships and Internship Programs in TVET Institutions in Enhancing Solar Photovoltaic Industry Readiness in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya
The sudden rise of renewable energy, more so in the solar PV sector, increases the demand for a highly competent workforce that can install, maintain, and operate Solar PV Plants. This demand has increased calls by the industry in Kenya for work-readiness among graduates from Technical and Vocational Education and Training institutions. In Uasin Gishu County, the adoption of solar energy is increasing, making it even more relevant for TVET institutions to engage more with the industry players in preparing students for the workforce. However, despite all these initiatives, the preparedness of graduates for the demands of this industry still remains a major cause for concern due to challenges such as outdated equipment and limited industry engagement, affecting graduate readiness. This study evaluated how industry partnerships and internship programs can better prepare trainees for careers in the solar photovoltaic (PV) sector in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya. Using a descriptive survey research design, the research focused on trainers and trainees from various technical training institutions, targeting a population of 321 individuals using a stratified random sampling method to gather a representative sample of 178 participants. Data was collected through structured questionnaires and interviews. To ensure the study's integrity, pilot testing was done conducted and statistical analyses performed to confirm the validity and reliability of their instruments. Data was analysed descriptively and inferentially using SPSS version 26. The results showed a weak but statistically significant relationship between industry partnerships and internship programs and industry readiness among TVET graduates in Uasin Gishu County (r=0.374, p<0.01). Further, while industry partnerships and internship programs did have an influence on industry readiness, the effect was not statistically significant (β1= 0.209, p> 0.05). Therefore, this study recommends that there is need for industries to strengthen ties and increasing practical exposure through internships and collaborative projects to better prepare trainees for the solar PV sector.
The Role of Internal Controls on IFMIS Effectiveness in County Governments in Kenya
This paper analyzed the role of internal controls on effectiveness of Integrated Financial Management Information Systems in County Governments in Kenya. The specific aim was to analyze whether policies and procedures play a role in creating an effective framework for budget, procurement, payroll and payment operations. Actor Network Theory anchored the study in examining the county IFMIS operational framework including the actors, roles, relations, networks and the effectiveness of each element in achieving the required effectiveness. Constructivism philosophy enabled the study to review the social contexts through in-depth analysis using a qualitative approach. The study was undertaken in Turkana, Baringo, Makueni, Nairobi and Mombasa counties on 17 directors purposively selected. The directors responded to an interview. Observation method also provided data. Thematic analysis was used. Results found that there were no County IFMIS policies, and the existing national IFMIS policies did not have a role in the effectiveness of IFMIS in county governments. However, both County and National IFMIS procedures played a role in the effectiveness of IFMIS in county governments. The study recommends that County governments enact own IFMIS policies and enhance the adoption of national and county IFMIS procedures. The study also recommends similar studies in government ministries and departments that use IFMIS.
Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Domestic Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) (L) Ecotypes from Eight Selected Kenyan Counties Using Microsatellite Markers
This study estimated the molecular diversity among Kenyan rabbit populations using microsatellites. Seven microsatellite loci were used in the study and eight counties were sampled purposively because they are the major rabbit rearing areas. Summary statistical parameters of genetic variability within and between populations confirmed that the highest genetic diversity was found in the Kenyan rabbits. The observed number of alleles for all the microsatellites was 2.0 while the mean effective number of alleles was 1.65. The mean values of Ho and He recorded in the study were 0.903 and 0.89 respectively. Nei’s genetic diversity indices varied from 0.335 to 0.578 for markers SOL30 and SAT8 respectively with a mean of 0.353. All the microsatellite markers used in the study were polymorphic and the average polymorphic index was very high (0.808). The genetic differences measured among counties was 6%, while 94% of the genetic variation was attributed to within county genetic diversity indicating that population variation observed was genetic and not due to geographical differentiation. Factorial and polymorphic analyses revealed that the Kenyan rabbit population is clustered into three groups but failed to deduce geographical segregation. This research provides an overview of the genetic diversity of rabbit populations in Kenya. The findings of this study will be useful to guide future breeding programs for enhanced productivity and genetic conservation.
Strategies Used by Women Seeking Elective Political Leadership in Meru County, Kenya
The growing number of women in elective positions represents a significant shift in worldwide politics. Despite the advancements, women still continue to face unique hurdles in attaining and maintaining political power. Using a cross-sectional data of 384 from registered voters, this study evaluated strategies used by women seeking elective political leadership in Meru County, Kenya. The study is guided by the Feminist Theory and employed descriptive research design. The Krejcie and Morgan (1970) sample size formula was used to identify a sample size of 384 from a target population of 772,139 registered voters in the nine electoral constituencies in Meru County. Respondents were selected using stratified and simple random sampling techniques. Data was collected using structured questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential statistics was applied to analyse the collected data using SPSS version 24. The results indicated that women in Meru County advocate for gender mainstreaming by adhering to constitutional and legislative frameworks, a strategy for achieving gender equality, and public recognition of women. Grassroots mobilization emerges as an important technique for females to contact voters, challenge cultural conventions, and strengthen relationships with them. The successful use of traditional and social media is emphasized as critical to molding public perception, reaching wider audiences, and engaging voters. Support for gender quotas is characterized as a proactive approach to removing structural barriers and ensuring women's fair representation in politics. Collectively, these strategies demonstrate women's dedication in Meru County to construct a more inclusive and fairer political climate and could serve as a model for establishing gender-balanced leadership in other regions. These findings contribute new knowledge to literature and theory.
Neonatal Factors Predisposing Neonates to Nosocomial Infections at Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital
Nosocomial infections occur during healthcare service delivery as an adverse outcome of medical care. They account for approximately 40% of all childhood mortality and are more common among premature neonates and those with intra-partum complications. This study aimed to assess neonatal factors that predisposes neonates to nosocomial infections in the new-born unit of Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital (MTRH). The study adopted a cross- sectional descriptive study design among neonates younger than 28 days admitted at the new-born unit in MTRH. Neonatal clinical information was obtained from their medical records. Data was statistically analysed using SPSS version 26. Categorical variables such as sex, presence of co-morbidities and feeding techniques were summarized using frequencies with corresponding percentages. Continuous variables such as gestational age at birth, duration of hospitalization among others were summarized using mean with their corresponding standard deviations (SD). Pearson chi-Square was used to determine the likelihood neonatal factors predisposing neonates to nosocomial infections. Ethical approval (Approval No: 0003349) was obtained from MTRH’s Institutional Ethical Review Committee (IREC) prior to study commencement. This study enrolled 113 neonates of whom 58 (51.3%) were preterm (gestation age of 20-37 weeks) while the rest were full term neonates (>37 weeks). Majority of the neonates had a normal birth weight with 86 (76.1%) of them having been on mechanical ventilation. This study recorded more neonates (91) whose duration of hospitalization was ≤28 days with 63 having nosocomial infection while 90 neonates were on parenteral feeding out of which 66 contracted nosocomial infections. There was no significant (p > 0.05) association between neonatal characteristics and the occurrence nosocomial infections. Occurrence of nosocomial infections statistically determined to be not dependent on neonatal characteristics. Since nosocomial infections are a major cause of neonatal morbidity that predicts childhood mortality, it is important to identify risk factors of nosocomial infections. Understanding the risk factors will inform policy updates and implementation. There is need to enhance infection prevention and control strategies at the neonatal units to help reduce the nosocomial infection burden and diversity.
The Nexus between Economic Stimulus Programme and Food Security and Nutrition in Kenya
This study examines how economic stimulus programs influences food security and nutrition in Kenya. There is limited understanding of this connection, particularly regarding the Northern Rift Economic Bloc in underdeveloped counties in Kenya. The target population was residents of Keiyo South Sub-County, located in Elgeyo-Marakwet County which is one of the forty-seven counties in Kenya. The study utilized an explanatory research methodology and adopted a systematic random sampling strategy. Data was collected using County using a structured questionnaire from 370 respondents. Collected data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and also hierarchical regression analysis. The findings of this study suggest that economic stimulus programs have a beneficial impact on food security and nutrition. This implies that improving and expanding existing economic stimulus programs are key for enhancing food security and security for overall well-being of the population. Although this research has made valuable additions to the literature, it is important to acknowledge its limitations.. Caution should be exercised when generalizing the conclusions of this study, as it may restrict the extent to which the findings can be applied to other situations. The findings of this study can offer valuable direction for enhancing the quality of life for the residents. The county government of Elgeyo Marakwet should collaborate with stakeholders and Community Based Organizations to educate the citizens about the significance of engaging in the ESP program for their lives. This study contributes to the expanding body of research by investigating the role of government policy as a moderator in the relationship between economic stimulus programs and food security and nutrition in the specific context of the education sector in Kenya.
Effect of Strategic Agility on Sustainable Organization Performance: A Case of Kajiado County
In an increasingly dynamic and competitive business environment, organizations are compelled to adapt swiftly to changes in market conditions, consumer preferences, and technological advancements. Strategic agility helps firms to be responsive to the changes in the business environment. Firms’ capacity to improve strategic agility is only possible if they are in a position to identify opportunities and take the necessary advantage with the aim of achieving their set objectives. However, the relationship between strategic agility and sustainable organizational performance remains underexplored, particularly in the context of Kajiado County, where unique socio-economic and environmental challenges exist. This study aims at finding out the effect of strategic agility on sustainable organization performance. The study was guided by Dynamic Capabilities, Resource Based View and Contingency theories. The study utilized descriptive research design. The target population consisted of 114 senior management personnel from five departments, selected through stratified random sampling to ensure representation across various organizational levels. A pilot study was conducted to refine the data collection instruments, ensuring clarity and effectiveness in capturing the necessary information. The data was collected using structured questionnaire. Collected data was coded into SPSS Version 23 and analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Organizational performance exhibited the strongest correlation with overall organizational factors (r = 0.987, p = 0.001), while technology (r = 0.643, p < 0.001) and own revenue collection (r = 0.857, p = 0.002) also demonstrated strong positive correlations. However, employee-related factors (r = 0.316, p = 0.002) and customer participation (r = 0.147, p = 0.001) revealed weaker correlations with organizational performance. Further, the findings indicate that all strategic agility factors had a significant effect on organizational performance technology (β = 0.412, p = 0.001), resource allocation (β = 0.354, p = 0.005), public participation (β = 0.274, p = 0.012) and revenue collection (β = 0.245, p = 0.022). To enhance strategic agility and organizational performance, it is recommended that Kajiado County prioritize investments in technology and infrastructure that facilitate rapid adaptation to market changes.
Understanding the Role of Religion in Helping Muslim Women in Managing Family Crisis During the COVID-19 pandemic
The COVID-19 has had a huge effect on the psychological, social and the mental health of the Muslim women. Their responsibility has tripled from working, to adopting the role of the teacher and care giving and domestic chores. The family is in Islam is the basic institution of the society where the woman is at the center stage. The Muslim woman has a prominent status that is in line with her physical, psychological and mental creation of Allah, these traits gives her the capacity to take on the formation and the management of the family affairs. Women as wives and mothers have faced with challenging responsibilities and need the social and spiritual nourishment to sustain their mental health and to give support, care and guidance to their loved ones. This social and spiritual support is provided by the religion of Islam, which teaches the total submission to the will of Allah, who is the creator, controller and the sustainer of the whole universe. The purpose of this article is to understand how the religion of Islam helped the Muslim women in managing the family crisis during the COVID-19 pandemic. What support and contribution has religion provided to the Muslim women to achieve their objectives and to carry out their role as leaders? It is hoped that this study will make Muslim women to learn their religion well and to nurture their children with the abilities and give them an intellectual awareness to tackle the challenges and the obstacles that surround them. The mother has the duty to inculcate good values and principles in their children in order to lead a safe future life.
Evaluating the Energy Production Potential of Local Algae Genera: A Case Study of Uasin Gishu County, Kenya
The reliance on fossil fuels as an energy source has led to environmental degradation and a myriad of health problems. This has prompted the need for a renewable source of energy that is both economical and sustainable. The objective of this study was to determine the renewable energy potentials of the alga grown in sewage. In this study local genera of filamentous algae were grown in sewage and starch and lipids accumulated was quantified. Spirogyra, Zygnema and Oedogonium were collected from Kesses area of Uasin Gishu County, Kenya and cultured under laboratory conditions at Moi University. After seven days, the amount of starch was estimated and lipid content was extracted and quantified. Wilcoxon rank sum test was utilized to decide whether there was a statistical difference in starch and lipids produced by algae that grew in sewage and those that grew in growth medium. Results showed that the algae accumulated starch and lipids in the following order; Spirogyra, Oedogonium and Zygnema. It was also observed that growth in sewage favored lipid rather than starch accumulation (r = -0.75, n = 18, p < 0.05). The study recommends that fatty acid composition of the algae should also be analyzed to find their suitability in biodiesel production.
Evolution and Challenges of Hospitality and Tourism Education Policies in Uganda: A Policy Review and Implications
The quality, relevance and competitiveness of Uganda's hospitality workforce are largely determined by education policy, which is central to sustaining the tourism-driven economy. This study systematically reviews the evolution and challenges of Hospitality and Tourism Education (HTE) policies in Uganda, spanning from its colonial-era vocational roots to contemporary competency-based frameworks. The study was guided by the Policy Coherence for Sustainable Development Framework. Utilizing a systematic policy review methodology based on document analysis, the study investigated 18 authoritative policy and legislative texts, including the TVET Policy (2019) and Vision 2040, to assess the policy framework's structural coherence. The analysis was guided by a Policy Coherence Framework to evaluate temporal evolution, horizontal alignment across education, tourism, and labor sectors, and vertical coherence between national mandates and institutional capacity. The findings confirm a progressive policy shift toward professionalization and industry-led standards, evidenced by the institutionalization of quality assurance and increased regulatory oversight. However, the review identifies significant structural challenges that hinder effective implementation. These include a pervasive vertical coherence gap where ambitious national goals are undermined by resource constraints and insufficient institutional capacity. Furthermore, a lack of horizontal coherence manifests as sectoral fragmentation and minimal employer participation, limiting the real-world relevance of training. Policies remain largely aspirational rather than operational, leading to skill mismatches, dependence on foreign expertise, and a failure to fully integrate cultural and indigenous hospitality values. The study concludes that strengthening policy alignment, embedding cultural competencies, enhancing curriculum relevance, and fostering sustainable industry partnerships are critical for advancing hospitality education and training. These insights carry important implications for academics, policymakers, and practitioners, offering a foundation for future curriculum design, workforce development, and evidence-informed reforms in Uganda’s hospitality sector. This study contributes by providing the first systematic review of Uganda’s hospitality education policies through the lens of policy coherence, tracing their historical evolution, exposing gaps in alignment and implementation, and offering actionable recommendations to strengthen curriculum design, workforce development, and industry linkages.
Communicating Employee Wellness Programmes at Workplace. A Study of Public Institution of Higher Learning in Kenya
Employee wellness programmes (EWPs) have evolved from peripheral organisational perks to strategic imperatives central to institutional sustainability and workforce productivity. In Kenya's public institutions of higher learning, wellness programmes are inconsistently implemented, with their effectiveness frequently undermined by poor communication, limited employee awareness, and inadequate institutional commitment. While existing literature has examined the relationship between wellness programmes and employee performance, the specific dimension of how these programmes is communicated to employees remains underexplored, particularly within the higher education. This study investigated the communication of employee wellness programmes at the workplace, with specific focus on a public institution of higher learning in Kenya. The study was grounded on Diffusion of Innovations and Two-Step Flow of Communication Theories. The study adopted a qualitative research approach and a case study design, conducted at the University of Eldoret, Kenya. A sample of 40 participants was selected through purposive, stratified, and random sampling techniques from a sample frame of 100 eligible employees. Data was generated through three complementary qualitative techniques: in-depth interviews with key informants, four focus group discussions with homogeneous groups of employees, and document analysis of institutional wellness-related documents. Data analysis was conducted using thematic analysis, involving transcription, coding, and organisation of codes into themes reflecting patterns in communication practices, employee perceptions, and challenges. The study revealed that nearly 90 percent of employees valued wellness benefits as important in their choice of employer, yet participation remained low due to systemic communication failures. Communication from management was predominantly top-down and inefficient, with emails and memos as the most common channels. This unidirectional approach denied employees opportunities to raise issues and seek clarification, significantly affecting programme uptake. Inadequate knowledge about programme specifics and benefits was identified as a key obstacle to full participation, with knowledge gaps disproportionately affecting younger workers, less educated workers, and lower-paid workers. Lack of employee commitment and interest was attributed to perceived organisational insincerity and the absence of visible leadership engagement. Effective communication was positively correlated with participation, with face-to-face briefings, peer communication, and digital platforms rated as more effective than emails and memos. The study concludes that effective communication of employee wellness programmes is a strategic imperative requiring dedicated resources, multi-channel approaches, two-way feedback mechanisms, personalised benefit-driven messaging, and visible leadership commitment. Public institutions of higher learning in Kenya must abandon passive promotion mentalities and adopt proactive, evidence-based communication strategies that recognise employees as active participants in their own well-being. The study recommends the adoption of interactive communication processes and digital platforms, implementation of personalised communication strategies, establishment of wellness champions as health ambassadors, focus on audience segmentation to tailor communication to group needs, development of benefit-driven messaging, strengthening of leadership visibility, and institutionalisation of feedback mechanisms for continuous improvement.
Modeling Future Scenarios for Moiben River Flow Using SWAT and CA-Markov: Implications for Sustainable Watershed Management
This study utilized an integrated Cellular Automata–Markov (CA–Markov) and Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) modeling approach to forecast the hydrological response of the Moiben River watershed to future land use and climate scenarios for the year 2055, recognizing the river's critical role in regional water supply. The CA–Markov model, informed by historical LULC trends between 2005 and 2021, projected a Business-as-Usual (BAU) scenario characterized by dominant agricultural expansion (covering over 71% of the area) at the expense of crucial Natural Forest and Grassland covers. Subsequently, the SWAT model, calibrated and validated for the watershed and forced by the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP 6.0) climate scenario, simulated the corresponding changes in river flow. The simulation results revealed a statistically significant destabilization of the river’s flow regime (p<0.001) compared to the 2021 baseline, confirming a critical loss of the watershed's natural regulatory capacity. The projected hydrological shifts indicate a future defined by extreme variability: severe dry-season flow deficits revealing critically diminished baseflow and groundwater recharge evidenced by declines exceeding 60% in November and 52.91% in December. This scarcity is contrasted by a sharp, short-lived amplification of peak flows (a 52.83% surge in August), indicating a transformation into a flashier system primarily driven by increased surface runoff from the degraded landscape. The study provides quantitative evidence that LULC change is the primary driver of increased flood flashiness and water scarcity, posing significant threats to water security, domestic supply, and ecological health. Consequently, this research validates that proactive, scenario-based hydrological modeling is an indispensable tool for designing adaptive land use governance and conservation policies aimed at mitigating future hydrological stress in the Moiben River watershed.